Characterization of the feeding behavior of three Erythroneura species on grapevine by histological and DC‐electrical penetration graph techniques

Feeding behavior of three leafhopper species – Erythroneura vitis (Harris), Erythroneura ziczac (Walsh), and Erythroneura elegantula (Say) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) – reared on grapevine, Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Seyval blanc’ (Vitaceae), was investigated using histological techniques and DC‐electrical penetration graphs (DC‐EPG). Histological studies revealed that the Erythroneura species induced white stipples on the leaves and that these leafhoppers produced thin salivary sheaths in grapevine leaf tissues. The DC‐EPG system allowed the characterization of five waveforms associated with stylet penetration and feeding in leaf tissues. These waveforms were characteristic of feeding phases corresponding to epidermis penetration pathway, salivation, and ingestion. We calculated 28 parameters (e.g., number of probes, duration of phases, and time spent in the various tissues) to describe and compare the feeding behavior of the Erythroneura species. We conclude that the three Erythroneura species are mainly mesophyll feeders but may probably also feed in other tissues such as xylem.     

毛冠鹿自然育幼行为观察

于2006年6～11月对成都动物园饲养繁殖的毛冠鹿母仔的自然育幼行为采用瞬时观察法,每天8∶00～17∶00进行连续观察,每隔1min收集1次数据。结果显示母舔仔和仔吮乳的行为发生次数在出生20d内较多,之后逐渐下降,到60d以后几乎为0;而仔摄食和排便行为在出生20d以内几乎没有,20d后大幅增加;幼仔的活动频率也逐渐增加,40d以后活动很频繁。不同幼仔间存在个体差异。     

中国云南吸虱昆虫物种多样性及群落结构研究(英文)

在对云南省9个县(市)抽样调查的基础上,本文对境内小型哺乳动物(小兽)体表吸虱昆虫物种多样性及群落结构进行了研究。物种多样性用物种丰富度表示,多样性指数及均匀度计算采用Shannon-Wiener方法。所捕获的2745只小兽经分类鉴定隶属啮齿目、食虫目、攀目、兔形目和食肉目5个目中的10科、25属、41种。从各种小兽宿主体表共采集到吸虱昆虫18165只,经分类鉴定隶属4科、6属、22种,其种类明显少于宿主种类。几乎每种小兽宿主体表都有固定的吸虱种类寄生,但吸虱种类数很少(1-4种)。动物分类上接近的宿主,其体表的优势吸虱种类基本相同。研究结果表明,小型哺乳动物体表吸虱昆虫的物种多样性很低,群落结构十分简单。研究同时提示,吸虱昆虫与小兽宿主之间可能存在高度一致的协同进化关系。     

EPG即时显示软件Realdisplay的开发和利用

研究和开发在刺吸式植食性昆虫取食行为研究中,刺吸电位技术（EPG）的一种新的应用软件Realdisplay。该软件可任意选择EPG信号采集频率和显示的通道数,也可以在同一屏幕上同时以不同的信号采焦频率即时清晰地显示1个通道的EPG信号,使研究者能准确地了解和控制昆虫的即时行为细节。此外,该软件存储的EPG信息为实验过程中每一时刻的电热值,因而后续分析和统计极为方便。因此,Realdisplay强化了EPG技术的功能,拓宽了EPG技术的应用领域。为研究刺吸式植食性昆虫的取食行为细节,昆虫与病毒、宿主植物的关系提供了有力的工具。     

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN OF HOPLOPLEURA PACIFICA (ANOPLURA: HOPLOPLEURIDAE) ON ITS DOMINANT RAT HOST, RATTUS FLAVIPECTUS IN YUNNAN, CHINA

Hoplopleura pacifica is a dominant species of ectoparasitic sucking lice on the body surface of a common rat species, Rattus flavipectus in Yunan province of China. To illustrate the spatial distribution pattern of H. pacifica among the individuals of R. flavipectus, Iwao's linear regression method and a significance test of random deviation for the method were used, and a regression equation was established in the light of Iwao's method. The established equation is M*= 12.10 + 4.76M (r= 0.75, P < 0.01) where both α and β are considerably higher than 0 and 1, the border values for determining spatial pattern of populations. The calculated F value is F= 6.07 (P < 0.05) in the significance test of random deviation. The spatial distribution pattern of H. pacifica among the individuals of R. flavipectus is of aggregated distribution. The result suggests that the individuals of H. pacifica have a tendency to congregate together and form different individual groups instead of evenly distributing on the body surface of every rat host.     

A morphological phylogeny for four families of amblyceran lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera: Menoponidae, Boopiidae, Laemobothriidae, Ricinidae)

The suborder Amblycera (Insecta: Phthiraptera) comprises seven recognized families of parasitic lice. Three of these families (the Menoponidae, Laemobothriidae and Ricinidae) are present on a wide range of avian hosts. The four remaining families are restricted to a small section of mammals (the Boopiidae are parasites of Australian and New Guinean marsupials, and the Gyropidae, Trimenoponidae and Abrocomophagidae parasitize South and Central American rodents). This study uses a morphological approach to examine the evolutionary relationships between the genera from four amblyceran families: the Menoponidae, Boopiidae, Laemobothriidae and Ricinidae. Genera are represented by exemplars and a total of 44 louse taxa and one outgroup taxon were included. A cladistic analysis of 147 unordered characters recovered six equally parsimonious trees. Bootstrap, jackknife and Bremer support analyses were undertaken to assess the level of support for each resolved node in the strict consensus topology. Strong support was found for deep branch relationships between the families and in some cases for supra-generic groupings within families. The clades present in the strict consensus tree are discussed with reference to supra-generic and interfamily relationships, character choice, morphological convergence and host distribution. This study is the first phylogeny presented solely for amblyceran genera.  © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2003, 138 , 39–82.     

Ancylostoma caninum: Pharyngeal activity in vitro

One hundred Ancylostoma caninum, in groups of 10 in a special apparatus, were offered dog blood and serum, NaCl, Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, intestinal epithelial extracts, heated serum, and dialyzed and nondialyzed fractions of serum. The worms' rate of suction was measured. They sucked actively only in blood, serum, and nondialyzed fraction of serum. These findings suggest that dog serum contains one or more macromolecules which stimulate the worm to suck actively.     

二齿新蚤的吸血活动

本文在实验室内研究了二齿新蚤吸血活动与环境温度、蚤龄、性别的关系。实验证明,幼蚤吸血最适温度为25℃左右,该温度下吸血率最高;成蚤在各种温度下,吸血率均接近100%。成蚤吸血率高于幼蚤。幼蚤雌蚤吸血率高于雄蚤,成蚤吸血率雄雌均接近100%。蚤吸血量与吸血时温度无关,威蚤吸血量大于幼蚤。雌蚤吸血量大于雄蚤。蚤的血液消化速度,高温时较低温时为快。在温度25℃以下时,成蚤消化速度较幼蚤为快;30℃以上时,成蚤与幼蚤消化速度相近。消化速度与性别无关。     

Permethrin resistance in the head louse Pediculus capitis from Israel

Head lice, Pediculus capitis , were collected from children aged 3–12 years in Maale Adumin, a town near Jerusalem, after reports of control failure with the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin. A total of 1516 children were examined: living lice and eggs were found on 12.1% of the children; or another 22.8% of the children only nits were found. Twice as many girls as boys (8.1% v 4%) were infested with lice and or nits. Head lice collected from infested children were exposed to permethrin impregnated filter-papers. Log time probit mortality (ltp) regression lines were calculated for mortality data and compared to ltp lines for a similar collection of head lice made in 1989. The regression lines for the two years were significantly different, with a 4-fold decrease in susceptibility at the LT50 level between 1989 and 1994. The slopes of the lines also suggested that the 1994 population was more heterogenous in its response to permethrin than the 1989 population. In contrast, a laboratory population of body lice (Pediculus humanus) tested with the same batch of permethrin-impregnated papers showed a slight but non-significant increase in susceptibility between 1989 and 1994. The results suggest that resistance to pyrethroids has developed rapidly among head lice since permethrin was introduced in 1991 as a pediculicide in Israel.     

Partial characterization and post-feeding activity of midgut aminopeptidase in the human body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus

Abstract. A leucine aminopeptidase was found in the midgut of the human body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus L. (Anoplura: Pediculidae). The enzyme is activated by the bloodmeal with a pH optimum at 8. The enzyme is soluble in both aqueous and detergent-containing solutions. The two forms of the enzyme had the same Km but exhibited different catalytic activities with regard to Vmax values in these solutions. The enzyme is inhibited competitively by a substrate analogue 1,10-phenanthroline and by Mn²⁺ ions in the presence and absence of detergent.